Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems. From OFDM and MC-CDMA to LTE and WiMAX

Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems. From OFDM and MC-CDMA to LTE and WiMAX. K.Fazel, S.Kaiser, 2nd edition, 380 страниц, англ. язык. Ознакомиться с оглавлением (подписчикам)

Contents

Foreword xi

Preface (Second Edition) xiii

Preface (First Edition) xv

Acknowledgements xvii

Introduction 1

From 2G to 3G and B3G Multiple Access Schemes 2

From 3G to 4G Multiple Access Schemes 6

Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum 9

The Aim of This Book 11

References 12

1 Fundamentals 15

1.1 Radio Channel Characteristics 15

1.1.1 Understanding Radio Channels 15

1.1.2 Channel Modeling 16

1.1.3 Channel Fade Statistics 18

1.1.4 Inter-Symbol (ISI) and Inter-Channel Interference (ICI) 19

1.1.5 Examples of Discrete Multi-Path Channel Models 20

1.1.6 Multi-Carrier Channel Modeling 25

1.1.7 Diversity 26

1.2 Multi-Carrier Transmission 28

1.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 29

1.2.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of OFDM 34

1.2.3 Applications and Standards 35

1.3 Spread Spectrum Techniques 36

1.3.1 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access 38

1.3.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of DS-CDMA 41

1.3.3 Applications of Spread Spectrum 42

1.4 Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum 46

1.4.1 Principle of Various Schemes 47

1.4.2 Advantages and Drawbacks 49

1.4.3 Examples of Future Application Areas 49

References 50

viii Contents

2 MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMA 55

2.1 MC-CDMA 55

2.1.1 Signal Structure 55

2.1.2 Downlink Signal 56

2.1.3 Uplink Signal 57

2.1.4 Spreading Techniques 58

2.1.5 Detection Techniques 64

2.1.6 Pre-Equalization 72

2.1.7 Combined Equalization 75

2.1.8 Soft Channel Decoding 76

2.1.9 Flexibility in System Design 81

2.1.10 Performance Analysis 84

2.2 MC-DS-CDMA 94

2.2.1 Signal Structure 94

2.2.2 Downlink Signal 96

2.2.3 Uplink Signal 96

2.2.4 Spreading 97

2.2.5 Detection Techniques 97

2.2.6 Performance Analysis 98

References 100

3 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes 105

3.1 Introduction 105

3.2 Multi-Carrier FDMA 107

3.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 107

3.2.2 OFDMA with Code Division Multiplexing: SS-MC-MA 113

3.2.3 Distributed DFT-Spread OFDM: Interleaved FDMA (IFDMA) 116

3.2.4 Localized DFT-Spread OFDM 118

3.3 Multi-Carrier TDMA 118

3.4 Ultra Wideband Systems 121

3.4.1 Pseudo-Random PPM UWB Signal Generation 121

3.4.2 UWB Transmission Schemes 123

3.5 Comparison of Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes 123

References 125

4 Implementation Issues 129

4.1 Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodulation 130

4.1.1 Pulse Shaping in OFDM 133

4.1.2 Digital Implementation of OFDM 133

4.1.3 Virtual Sub-Carriers and DC Sub-Carrier 134

4.1.4 D/A and A/D Conversion, I/Q Generation 135

4.2 Synchronization 138

4.2.1 General 140

4.2.2 Effects of Synchronization Errors 141

4.2.3 Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation 144

4.2.4 Time Synchronization 147

4.2.5 Frequency Synchronization 151

4.2.6 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 154

4.3 Channel Estimation 154

4.3.1 Two-Dimensional Channel Estimation 155

Contents ix

4.3.2 One-Dimensional Channel Estimation 159

4.3.3 Filter Design 159

4.3.4 Implementation Issues 160

4.3.5 Performance Analysis 162

4.3.6 Time Domain Channel Estimation 168

4.3.7 Decision Directed Channel Estimation 168

4.3.8 Blind and Semi-Blind Channel Estimation 169

4.3.9 Channel Estimation in MC-SS Systems 170

4.3.10 Channel Estimation in MIMO-OFDM Systems 174

4.4 Channel Coding and Decoding 174

4.4.1 Punctured Convolutional Coding 175

4.4.2 Concatenated Convolutional and Reed Solomon Coding 175

4.4.3 Turbo Coding 178

4.4.4 Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes 182

4.4.5 OFDM with Code Division Multiplexing: OFDM-CDM 186

4.5 Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-Mapping, and Equalization 187

4.5.1 Signal Constellation and Mapping 187

4.5.2 Equalization and De-Mapping 189

4.6 Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrier Transmission 190

4.6.1 Nulling of Weak Sub-Carriers 191

4.6.2 Adaptive Channel Coding and Modulation 191

4.6.3 Adaptive Power Control 192

4.7 RF Issues 192

4.7.1 Phase Noise 193

4.7.2 Non-linearities 197

4.7.3 Narrowband Interference Rejection in MC-CDMA 206

4.7.4 Link Budget Evaluation 208

References 210

5 Applications 215

5.1 Introduction 215

5.2 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 218

5.2.1 Introduction 218

5.2.2 Requirements on LTE 219

5.2.3 Radio Access Network (RAN) Architecture 220

5.2.4 Radio Protocol Architecture 220

5.2.5 Downlink Transmission Scheme 221

5.2.6 Uplink Transmission Scheme 227

5.2.7 Physical Layer Procedures 231

5.2.8 Supported Bandwidths 232

5.2.9 Frequency Bands 233

5.2.10 Spectrum Masks 234

5.2.11 Performance 235

5.3 WiMAX 237

5.3.1 Scope 237

5.3.2 From IEEE 802.16x and ETSI BRAN HIPERMAN Towards WiMAX 239

5.3.3 System Architecture 242

5.3.4 Broadband Wireless Access Standards: HIPERMAN and IEEE 802.16x 243

5.3.5 Transmit Diversity / MIMO in WiMAX 263

5.3.6 WiMAX Profiles 267

x Contents

5.3.7 Performance 271

5.4 Future Mobile Communications Concepts and Field Trials 276

5.4.1 Objectives 276

5.4.2 Network Topology and Basic Concept 276

5.4.3 Experiments and Field Trials 276

5.4.4 VSF-OFCDM Access Scheme 277

5.4.5 System Parameters 278

5.5 Wireless Local Area Networks 283

5.5.1 Network Topology 283

5.5.2 Channel Characteristics 283

5.5.3 IEEE 802.11a 284

5.5.4 Transmission Performance 286

5.6 Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-RCT 287

5.6.1 Network Topology 288

5.6.2 Channel Characteristics 290

5.6.3 Multi-Carrier Uplink Transmission 290

5.6.4 Transmission Performance 296

References 297

6 Additional Techniques for Capacity and Flexibility Enhancement 301

6.1 Introduction 301

6.2 MIMO Overview 302

6.2.1 BLAST Architecture 303

6.2.2 Space–Time Coding 304

6.2.3 Achievable Capacity 307

6.3 Diversity Techniques for Multi-Carrier Transmission 308

6.3.1 Transmit Diversity 308

6.3.2 Receive Diversity 313

6.3.3 Transmit/Receive Diversity Performance Analysis 314

6.3.4 Space–Frequency Block Codes (SFBC) 317

6.3.5 SFBC Performance Analysis 319

6.4 Spatial Pre-Coding for Multi-Carrier Transmission 321

6.4.1 Spatial Phase Coding (SPC) 323

6.4.2 Selection Diversity (SD) 325

6.4.3 Equal Gain Transmission (EGT) 326

6.4.4 Maximum Ratio Transmission (MRT) 326

6.4.5 Performance Analysis 326

6.5 Software-Defined Radio 331

6.5.1 General 332

6.5.2 Basic Concept 333

6.5.3 MC-CDMA-Based Software-Defined Radio 335

References 337

Definitions, Abbreviations, and Symbols 339

Definitions 339

Abbreviations 342

Symbols 349

Index 353

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